Shoe Corporation of Illinois

The Importance of Mathematics to Everyday Life Essay Despite the fact that Mathematics without a doubt has all inclusive applications to life and is a basic instrument in science, innovation, financial matters, business, trade and obviously in PC plan and working there is a general propensity for individuals to avoid it for different reasons-some vibe it is excessively troublesome while others don't see its handy association with regular daily existence. Thusly, we find only few individuals who seek after this interesting subject and the final product is that there is in every case just a little center of splendid or great mathematicians which assists with fortifying the discernment that this zone of study is just saved for an elitist few. Mathematician T. Rogers in one of his talks notes: â€Å"The level of the world’s populace, or even of the world’s college taught populace, who could precisely express a solitary scientific hypothesis demonstrated over the most recent fifty years is little, littler still if Fermat’s last hypothesis is rejected. On the off chance that you request that a mathematician clarify what the person in question deals with, you will for the most part be met with a timid smile and advised that it is absurd to expect to do as such in a brief timeframe. On the off chance that you ask whether this strangely confused work has pragmatic applications (and we as a whole get requested that this from time), at that point there are different run of the mill reactions, none of them quickly impressive.† In any case, possibly this observation is supported by the way in which arithmetic is instructed and that is, it is done in a lot of a deliberation and maybe if our educators could assist understudies with seeing how these â€Å"abstract concepts† are connected or could be applied to genuine and down to earth circumstances then most likely this discernment could be dissipated or decreased. In short if could effectively persuade the youthful personalities of the significance of arithmetic to life. Understudies of the characteristic sciences rapidly understand the significance of arithmetic in light of the fact that the regions of study vitally associated thus they handle its down to earth significance, in contrast to their partners in the fields of human expressions and sociologies. Be that as it may, to accomplish this goal, educators of science need not exclusively to be acceptable mathematicians however should have great academic aptitudes too in light of the fact that training this subject is an extraordinary errand dislike a large number of different subjects in the school educational plan. Science teachers Deborah Loewenberg Ball, Heather C. Slope, and Hyman notes Bass: â€Å"Knowing arithmetic for showing requests a sort of profundity and detail that works out in a good way past what is expected to complete the calculation reliably.† In Guyana execution by understudies in arithmetic at assessments has been of worry by instructors since it has not been adequate despite the fact that as of late it has been improving considerably. On this score the ongoing crisis preparing for arithmetic instructors led by the National Center for Educational Resource Development (NCERD) is an astute advance and this ought to be carried consistently to help science educators stay up to date with new advancements and procedures of showing the subject. This is a piece of the institution’s reaction to the terrible showing at this year’s Caribbean Secondary Examination Certificate (CSEC) tests. The preparation, a multi week workshop, including educators from over the locales, is the second in a progression of five, with the following booked for February, 2010. Science Workshop, expressed that the point of the endeavor is to have educators updated with the desire that they will go along their insight to the understudies. â€Å"The educators are from schools where understudies acquired 10 percent or less in the CSEC assessments. On the off chance that we can raise the abilities of the instructors who are conveying the educational plan, we can raise the exhibition of the understudies at the CSEC exams,† he said. Mr. McKenzie clarified that the approach utilized for the updating procedure will see the facilitators taking the educators through activities that would be worked in class with the goal that the instructors can be acquainted with new methodologies of conveying material. He is right and this is the way instructional classes for our educators need to take. They need to get the chance to get down to the â€Å"nitty gritty† of the circumstance and configuration preparing projects to manage the real factors of the study halls and not some whimsical hypothesis or speculations which is set in an outside area and is in this way is completely separated from the nearby real factors.

Fly in the Ointment free essay sample

How does the author draw out the environment in Fly in The Ointment? A: The story *Fly in the ointment* , composed by V. S. Pritchett ,focusses basically on a basic dad child relationship where the dad and child are exclusively strong of one another apparently and have lost all regard for one another. The setting of the story is that of the 1930s, which was a period of extraordinary financial downturn in England, explicitly in London-which is the old neighborhood of the english author. Individuals were jobless and were losing their homes and positions. This was the hour of Pritchetts presence, and he experienced childhood in such a climate his dad had bombed his business and was jobless, and nothing was going well indeed. Thusly, In my feeling, the story is somewhat personal and portrays the hardships in the artists own life . The essayist starts the story on an extremely dull and desolate note. The air in this piece of the story is incredibly disheartening and bleak. The utilization of visual symbolism like *Mud Colored Cloud* (page 112, first section) in the exceptionally beginning of the exposition hints the remainder of the story, showing that things are not working out positively, and will go more terrible later on. The symbolism likewise goes about as an image of misery and issues. Another implying that can be drawn from the expression is that urbanization has happened in the city, and because of such gigantic change in lifestyles the typical cost for basic items has expanded by such an over the top sum, individuals can't bolster their families and purchase essential needs fundamental for endurance. The area is destitution blasted and is in ruins. Another significant viewpoint while examining the air is that of depression,death and trouble. The author has utilized words and expressions like Dead hour (page 112, first line ) and Like New Tombstones (comparison, page 112) These expressions delineate decreasing success of the area, and how every one of that was in the town before, is presently finishing. This could be utilized in setting of the dads business, which was reaching a conclusion. An air of a money related emergency is made all through the story, which prompts joblessness and passing of individuals because of starvation, self destruction, etc. The idea of death could have additionally been utilized to show that joy is reaching a conclusion, trouble and melancholy has dominated. There are different representations and analogies notwithstanding the ones referenced above, which help in drawing out the air of the story. Some incorporate desert of open structures (page 112, first section) which communicates the way that no open structures are thriving and there is no cash in the economy. This likewise identifies with the way that the dads business has as of late fizzled. There are portions of the story which plainly allude to neediness, which is one more principle center when discussing environment and mind-set of the content. There is a feeling of misfortune and shortage, which is appeared by the creator by the expression jobless men and a couple of bums (page 112, first section) . This shows the individuals have no cash or food, and are meandering capriciously in the area, for food and different methods for vocation. It is likewise demonstrated that in an uncommon case, individuals have even taken to asking, which thusly communicates the amazingly horrible circumstance of the depleted economy. The temperament and tone, which makes up the environment has likewise been brought out through the conflict,which is communicated in the lines Better not show up in a taxi,he was thinking. The elderly person will ponder where I got the cash (Page 112, second section). These lines show that the hero, Harold, isn't steady of his dad and that he wouldn't like to offer any budgetary help to his dad. The main explanation for his visit to his dad is to maybe get the supposed *old man* off his nerves, and to get him to quit bothering him about a visit, notwithstanding acting apparently steady of his dad. The line gives a decent diagram of the substance of the whole story, causing to notice the topic of a shallow, yet basic dad child relationship. This furnishes the perusers with a decent comprehension of the story and its subject, alongside communicating the state of mind of the story. Thus, there is a great deal of Figurative language and a few artistic gadgets utilized by the author to draw out the importance and topic. There is no confidence in the piece and the symbolism is clear to such an extent that it tends to be drawn and imagined. In this, all in all, the climate of the exposition is only straight out discouraging, and has no particular good or message to it, that would enable the perusers to advance throughout everyday life or make it an intriguing read. As I would see it, a story ought to be one which shows us how to manage a specific circumstance throughout everyday life, instead of simply expressing the undeniable verifiable truths which in this situation is my translation of this story. It gives its perusers the message that human instinct is unchangeable. The previously mentioned is a reality, and everybody knows it-its fundamental human brain science. There is no sign of what one ought to do to improve as an individual, nor is it called attention to that having a part character is a terrible thing. Actually, the story closes where the goals to the contention ought to have started. What occurs straightaway? , Does Harold give his avaricious dad the cash? - these are on the whole inquiries that will stay unanswered. Leaving the story like this makes me not have any desire to understand it, as it is exhausting and I as of now have enough issues throughout my life and would not have any desire to find out about somebody elses. Giving an answer for the contention would have truly turned the story around and my supposition would have been without a doubt the inverse. All things considered, I didn't care for the story by any stretch of the imagination (since I like stories with a genuine arrangement that can be reused when managing similar circumstances throughout everyday life) and felt it was by one way or another inadequate and that the contention wasnt settled. I truly feel V. S. Pritchett could have made a superior showing with carrying importance to the writing, making it a simple and significantly more fascinating read.

How Do I Get a Review For My APA Journal Article?

How Do I Get a Review For My APA Journal Article?The APA Journal is a publication that is designed to publish articles that are peer reviewed. The published articles will go through the same process as books and other literary work to be accepted for publication. In order to be accepted by the publishers, it has to pass three major steps.Step one is an essay called the article that describes the author's intent in writing the article. It also explains why the author wrote the article. This is not the case when publishing books or other literature as all submissions for these types of publications will include an author's note.Step two is another essay called the editor's statement that will explain why the paper was accepted for publication. Some authors prefer not to explain the reason for the article for this statement is also not the case with literary works. It is the publisher's opinion as to why the paper was accepted.In the final step of an author's permission form will be pro vided to the author. This form should be completed before submitting the manuscript. It will indicate what the author needs to do once the manuscript is accepted. It will also state what author contact information should be provided.After this is submitted to the publishers, there will be another review process that is known as book reviews. Publishers who are interested in accepting the book manuscript should complete the forms for book submissions before submitting the book manuscript. These forms will allow the editor to know what it needs to do for the book to be accepted.Once the book manuscript is received the author will receive confirmation of acceptance. If this is the case, the author will have one week to make changes if it is needed. Once the book manuscript is accepted it will be sent to the publishers.The publishers will then review the book manuscript to determine if it is acceptable. If they are not all they will do is publish the manuscript and will pay the author f or the first 50 copies of the book. If there are no objections, the author will have up to three weeks to accept the book for publication. If there are any objections after this time, the author will have up to three months to accept the book for publication.Authors who choose to submit their books and other literature will have the opportunity to read their manuscripts before any book has been printed. There will be no charge for this service. Authors who do not desire to do this service will be able to use the services of the publishing house that will sell the book and also provide them with the editor's letter and all the other forms that are required to be submitted to the publisher.

Implementing A Integrated Customer Relationship Management

[7] Implementing a fully integrated Customer Relationship Management offers significant benefits for enterprises, †¢ Streamlining the business process – this improves effectiveness in an efficient manner †¢ Increased customer satisfaction as the CRM primary focus is for building the relationship of an enterprise with its customer base †¢ Focus of the organization implementing a CRM system would be consistent †¢ Maximizing the opportunities through various modes of communication and marketing with customers and a growth in customer base †¢ Help find key points by analyzing customer information, ticketing/problem statements †¢ Reduce costs, wastage and complaints Organizations accept CRM as a strategic focus medium for integrating fully with customers and help in the management and decision making process appropriately. 3.3 CRM Planning process For any organization to implement a successful CRM is by having a collective and unified vision from board executives, stake holders to operational personnel. The organization and the customers have conditions when building relationships, Organizations need to increase profits and hold its customer base whereas Customers need a quality product with good service and an acceptable price. Objectives for organizations to build customer relationships [8]: †¢ determine mutually satisfying goals between organization and customers †¢ establish and maintain customer rapport †¢ produce positive feelings in the organization and the customers TheShow MoreRelatedBandon Group, Integrated case study Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Integrated Case Study: Bandon Group, Inc. (Determining Feasibility of an ERP System and Supplier Recommendation and Evaluation) Submitted to: Professor Stephen Huber Enterprise Resource Planning (CIS511) Strayer University, Takoma Park Campus August, 2014 This paper is the continuation of Bandon Group Inc. integrated case study. 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Health of the Family Business Consultant Report - Pizza Franco - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2645 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Did you like this example? PIZZA FRANCO Contents Executive Summary Health of the Family Business Consultant Report Analysis Conclusion Recommendations References Executive Summary Pizza Franco is a family business that operates a pizza chain and has been in the business for decades. The company has flourished when it comes to expanding its chains but the business lacks behind in terms of having a vision and proper organizational strategies. Pizza Franco has a strong unified family that is running the business with strong communication amongst them. But the company does not have a proper organizational strategy, strategic plan, succession plans and shareholder management plans. Pizza Franco does not have a board of directors and has very few external members as part of their employees. These factors lead to the business not being able to develop properly and effectively and lacking behind when it comes to innovation or diversification. Pizza Franco should establish a proper board of directors that is able to communicate with shareholders on a regular basis, they should observe the business and provide guidelines and recommendations on how to improve the busin ess. The board of directors will help give the business a direction and therefore help in its development. Another important step that should be taken by the business is to ensure that there is cohesion and coordination among family members, more non-family members should be brought in to fill in managerial positions in order to increase diversification among the firm if they have more experience than existing family members. Furthermore, the business should develop a proper succession plan so that conflicts can be avoided when filling out important positions such as CEO, CFO and the experienced person is selected for the position. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Health of the Family Business Consultant Report Pizza Franco" essay for you Create order Health of the Family Business Consultant Report Pizza Franco is a family run pizza chain that has been working for decades and has expanded their operations in a major way. The owner of the company is Don Franco and his sons have been appointed at various managerial positions within the company. The business has been operating for a long time but still it lacks a proper business strategy that is required for a family business. A family business is a synthesis of: ownership control (15 %+) by two or more members of a family or a partnership of families, strategic influence by family members on the management of the firm, concern for family relationships and the dream (possibility) of continuity across generations. By definition, Pizza Franco is a family business. Analysis The key criterion of a successful business is that there should be a mutual understanding and interdependence between all the groups present in a business. These groups include family owner, family members, and non-family members/employees. A proper family business realizes the fact that family dynamics play a very important and influential role in business and family influences the business and vice versa. Furthermore, ownership also plays an important role in influencing the business and the family. So all these groups are related and are independent as well as dependent on each other. If one system is not working properly, it will have a bad effect on the other system. Pizza Franco has established itself as a family business but it is not aware of the relation and influence of these groups on each other. Pizza Franco lacks a proper structured family council that is necessary for discussing and resolving problems before they turn into big issues, educating the family about the re sponsibilities that they have when they are part of the ownership and the management and helps in facilitating a proper communication process that enables the family to create a proper family plan. Pizza Franco also lacks of a proper management team which should include both family and non-family members. When the CFO of Pizza Franco, the eldest son of the owner, died, the family was in a conflict as to who to appoint as the new CFO; Alexander, who was the son of the owner and had no experience at all, or an external manager. The family favored Alexander over an external manager. Having less or no non-family managers reduces the efficiency of the management. The management team is responsible for coming up with business plans, strategic plans and contingency plans and experienced people are needed for this. The most important factor that Pizza Franco lacks in is of an absence of a proper board of directors. A board of directors is important for a company because it adds onto the per spective of the owner, makes efficient and effective business plans, as well as monitors the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance, makes important decisions regarding investments and dividends and keep family members informed about the performance of the business. A firm should have a proper organizational strategy so that it can work efficiently. Businesses should be well aware of what their organizational hierarchy is, what type of skills do people at each post should possess and who is responsible for each department in the business. A proper organizational structure should be able to make sure that the organization is decentralized or centralized. The roles of family members and non-family employees should be carefully defined and the extent of the involvement of family members in the management should also be set properly. Pizza Franco lacked a proper organizational strategy. The business had no proper set guidelines for family members and it lacked a sense of direction. I t can be apparent from the fact that when the owner was looking for a replacement for the CFO, he had to consult various people before coming to a conclusion. But despite this, the communication strategy of the business is efficient. In the process of coming to a decision to select the CFO, the father decided to consult all shareholders involved and make a collective decision. Good governance is also important for any business to flourish. Governance needs to be efficient and for a family business to achieve that, they need to make sure that they have a proper structure (with rules and guidelines) and encourage emotional intelligence among their employees (both family and non-family members). Like any other business, a family business should also have a clear strategy concerning their mission, vision, succession laws, shares and much more. Pizza Franco lacks in this area as well. Despite expanding their business to such an extent, they still do not have a formal strategy to carry out their business. While their communication strategy is strong and effective, they need to be clear about what their long-term and short-term goals are and how their business should be able to operate. Family firms need help in governing the familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"management relationship. The desired outcome is rational economic and family welfare decisions unencumbered by traditional family dynamics. Governance can be provided for through ownership structure, different classes of voting and nonvoting stock, buy-sell agreements, a family constitution. Pizza Franco also lacks of a proper board that is essential for firms to operate effectively. Board composition in family-controlled firms in the SP 500 found that companies, in which independent directors balanced the influence of founding families on the board, performed better and created greater shareholder value. Firms in which founding family ownership remained (and relatively few independent directors served on the board) performed significantly worse than nonfamily firms. Shareholder management in the firm is also very important as shareholders are the ones who own the firm or the business and are responsible for its well-being and development. The shareholders in Pizza Franco are all family members and therefore a proper plan for their management does not exist. Shareholder wealth management and stewardship is important as these factors make sure that the firm is on its way to development and is maximizing its profits. With a proper shareholder wealth management plan in place, the shareholders of the firm will be motivated to maximize the wealth of the firm, increase its stock prices, increase the overall value of the firm and in turn increase the net worth of the individual who is holding the stock. Stewardship, on the other hand, involves the concept that the owner of the firm or any shareholder that is involved in the business is not in it solely for the financial gains b ut wants to contribute something to the community and the workers, they want the business to keep on growing and succeeding long after they are gone and are basically looking for long-term instead of short-term gain because of the desire to have future generations take over the business.Pizza Franco encourages stewardships among its stakeholders as they are expanding their business, are settling in for the long-term and are involving future generations in its operations. But the company, then again, lacks a clear strategy for the business and it needs to define its long-term and short-term objectives. Shareholder meetings are also very important as these represent one of the best opportunities to educate owners about their responsibilities and what the company and its management expect of shareholders and allow for financial, business, and competitive information-sharing and communication on other issues critical to a family firm in a disciplined and proactive manner. Family shareho lders expecting to fulfill their responsibility of aligning management interests with shareholder priorities and holding management accountable need to have a thorough understanding of financial statements. They need to be able to make sense of what the numbers say about the firm and its competitive condition. In order for a family business to keep on operating efficiently for a long time, succession policies need to be defined clearly and efficiently. A proper succession criterion should be set for each post (mainly the important posts such as the CEO) and successor goals should be identified. Without proper successors taking over the business, the family business would fall apart and would fail in a very bad way. A family business also needs to ensure that successors also fit the profile of successful successors. For example they can be people that know the business well or even love the nature of the business, they are guided responsibly by the previous generation, by advisors , and by a board of outside directors, they have good relationships and the ability to accommodate others, especially if part of a successor team, they can count on competent nonfamily managers in the top management team to complement their own skills or they have controlling ownership or can lead, through allies. Pizza Franco did not have clear succession policies. They lacked behind this area. The example of setting up a new CFO when the ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s son died is a clear example of how important it is for the business to have a clear succession policy. Despite having a lack of experience, Alexander (younger son of the owner) was keen and adamant to take his brotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s place as the new CFO of the organizations. The family could not reach a consensus on this decision and consultants had to be bought in to contribute to this decision. The meeting ended with a mutual agreement of appointing an interim CFO for a period between 6 months up to a year until Alex ander gains the necessary experience needed to succeed. The aim of the consultants was to reach a decision that would satisfy all the family members and avoid a family conflict. Therefore it is clear that Pizza Franco needs to have a proper succession strategy in order to avoid such conflicts and decision making processes in the future and be clear about what the organization wants. Conclusion Pizza Franco is a family business that has developed in terms of its locations but it still needs to go a long way when it comes to strategy. The business has developed itself efficiently in a few areas but it still needs to work in various other parts. Pizza Franco has a family council which lacks in structure and experience but is very effective for collective decision making among family members. Furthermore, they have a vague stewardship strategy as the owner of the business is working for the long-term and want to make sure the business remains successful in the future. The family is also much unified when it comes to taking decisions which is an important trait for a business to have. But Pizza Franco lacks various necessary things. They do not have a board of directors which is important for a business to perform and progress efficiently. The business denotes the notion of unhealthy family culture perhaps rooted in the sonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ limited business knowledge and la ck of vision especially expressed by Alexander who is assertive on his decision to take on the role as the CFO at current times). To an extent this problem lies in the structure of the business, as the head of the family and the business, the father, has not started to integrate the younger sons in the business operations. The company lacks in strategic planning, succession planning and shareholder strategy. These strategies ensure that conflict is minimized among family members. Furthermore, Pizza Franco also lacks in diversifications when it comes to having more non-family members as managers. They do not have a proper organizational culture which is necessary for any business to thrive. Recommendations The most important step that should be taken by Pizza Franco in order to improve their business is to have a board that oversees the business and works for its progress. The role of the board is prominent in the governance of the relationship between a family and its business when the ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"business interaction is perceived as a positive-sum dynamic. Pizza Franco needs to ensure that their board is also adaptable to any sort of change in the company. The board should develop or approve the strategic plan, participate in the management development plan, and prepare the leadership continuity plan and the contingency plan. The board should work works with a professional team of advisors to prepare a succession plan and should use a succession planning consultant to ensure that the board takes steps professionally. The other step that should be taken by them is to have proper defined succession policies. These policies will ensure that conflict among family members is reduced when succession needs to take place and the process is done smoothly. The business needs to ensure that more non-family members are placed at managerial positions if they have the required experience since it will bring more innovation and diversification into the firm. A management team should be developed by Pizza Franco that should evaluate potential successors for management, including family and non-family members and promotion and succession should avoid nepotism and management should promote the most qualified candidate. A systems approach should be adopted by the organization in which all the family members are made aware of their relation to each other and their effect on the business. Training of potential heirs from an early stage in their life by offering them internship or working opportunity at market rates should also be given importance. Employees and members should be made aware about emotional intelligence and they should be able to recognize each otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s feelings and manage emotions effectively. References Anderson, R. and Reeb, D., Board Composition: Balancing Family Influence in SP 500 Firms, Administrative Science Quarterly, 49 (2004), pp. 209-237. Astrachan, J. H. (2010). Strategy in family business: Toward a multidimensional research agenda.Journal of Family Business Strategy,1(1), 6-14. Eddleston, K. A., Kellermanns, F. W. (2007). Destructive and productive family relationships: A stewardship theory perspective.Journal of Business Venturing,22(4), 545-565. Gersick, K. E., Davis, J. A.,Hampton, M. M., Lansberg, I. (1997). Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Kellermanns, F. W., Eddleston, K. A., Barnett, T., Pearson, A. (2008). An exploratory study of family member characteristics and involvement: Effects on entrepreneurial behavior in the family firm.Family Business Review,21(1), 1-14. Poza and Daugherty (2013). Family Business. 4th Edition, chapter 6 and 7. 1

Essay about WWI Sources - 1632 Words

As students of history in the 21st century, we have many comprehensive resources pertaining to the First World War that are readily available for study purposes. The origin of these primary, secondary and fictional sources affect the credibility, perspective and factual information resulting in varying strengths and weaknesses of these sources. These sources include propaganda, photographs, newspapers, journals, books, magazine articles and letters. These compilations allow individuals to better understand the facts, feeling and context of the home front and battlefield of World War One. Autobiographies, diaries, letters, official records, photographs and poems are examples of primary sources from World War One. The two primary sources†¦show more content†¦Wilfred Owen asks where are the â€Å"†¦passing-bells for these who die as cattle?† The author of â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† leads his reader through his personal struggle and frustration of war. Owen has an abrasive approach when describing the death all around him and clearly expresses his anger with the â€Å"hasty orisons† for the dead. He speaks directly of battlefront in the first octet and then includes the home front in the second half of his sonnet. Owen’s purpose is not a commemoration of fallen soldiers. Rather, he divulges the disgust and disappointment of war. Like McCrae, Wilfred Owen paints a picture of the multitude of deaths. Back at the home front, â€Å"†¦each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds.† We can construe that the author is not si mply talking about preparing for bed in the evening, but rather lowering the blinds in a room where yet another dead soldier lies, as an indication to the community and out of respect for the soldier. There is a lack of â€Å"passing-bells for these who die as cattle†¦.no prayers nor bells; Nor any voice of mourning save the choirs.† Owen writes as though he feels that there is indifference among the death of his fellow soldiers. The poem, â€Å"In Flanders Fields,† is impregnated with imagery. â€Å"This poem was literally born of fire and blood during the hottest phase of the second battle of Ypres.† John McCrae had just lost his very closeShow MoreRelatedThe Advanced Technology Of World War I1634 Words   |  7 Pagesadvanced technology of WWI influenced how war was fought. In this paper I will analyze how wars were fought before WWI and how during the war, new advancements changed the future of warfare. Themes about WWI the paper will include are weapons, vehicles, aircraft, ships, the frontline and support. For my first source I used information from an online source. 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Distribution Channels free essay sample

The distribution Channels allows companies be more competitive, searching how to reduce costs and helping consumers to acquire on an easy way their product. A company that has good distribution channel has a relevant competitive advantage in the market. Distribution channels have advantages and disadvantages that are going to be described along this essay. It is important to take into account that it exist two channels of distribution; industrial and consumer channels. The purpose to mention this is because this two canals if there are very good strategic organized, generates aggregate value to the product, and a result the satisfaction of the consumer and overcoming its expectations about the product. If through the entire channel it is added value by each integrant, the product will be a competitive and top good or service. The book also mentions that the management that it’s in charge of the distribution has to be monitoring the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Distribution Channels or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reason of that is that the market environment is always changing, if this environment is efficient monitored, the company can be a step forward so this changes can’t be able to affect the strategic performance. To be continued, also the book mentions some advantages because of the participation of intermediaries in the channel which are: the specialization and division of labor, the reduction of discrepancies of quantity and assortment of merchandise, there is a less distance with the target market, facilitates the purchase process, there is a significant reduction of contacts, facilitates scale economies and as we mentioned on the paragraph before there is a collaboration in the generation of aggregate value of time, place and form. To end with, it is relevant knowing that retailers and wholesalers (intermediaries) contribute in reducing the gaps between producers and consumers, in quality of place and moment. On the other hand, there are several disadvantages that must be taken into account. To start with, according to the book the distribution channels are also social systems, because of this reason the channel has to face with ome problems like: internal conflicts between members of the channel and also between the same members of the organization, another problem is power, this can be a double-edged sword, power has to be applied in the right moment, if not it could generate internal and external conflicts. When it is mentioned power it is important to know that the book talks about 5 types which are: rewarding, coercive, formally legalized, referent and expert. The third problem that can appear is roles, this is an important factor that if is not specified along the canal and inside the organization, then there may be several problems like for example decreasing the quality of the product, service, incoherence between consumers, distributers and producers. To finish with, the last social problem that can leap up is the communication process, if there is not good communication it would be very difficult to achieve the objectives that where purpose at the beginning. There are also some disadvantages because of the participation of the intermediaries in the channels which are: loss of control and management of the merchandise, loss of the information and loss of sales force. To conclude, it is important to take these disadvantages into account, because this problems that rise up in the distribution channel can be controlled with a good strategy, an efficient coordination of the inputs through all the channel, also creating specific and clear objectives, which can cover all participating members of the channel, making this link between needs and performance satisfying both consumers and each individual that participates giving value to the product.

Southwestern Eurpean Nationalism Essay Example For Students

Southwestern Eurpean Nationalism Essay Nationalism is an ideology that differs from nation to nation. It is the idea that molds nations into what they become. It’s the idea that helps define territories and places. The nations that will be most concentrated on in this paper will be from Southeastern Europe. Nationalism in these countries will then be compared to the definition of nationalism that Ernest Renan gives in his famous essay â€Å"What is a nation?† Nationalism is a rather recent development in the human social formation. During the Enlightenment, nationalism was not known. Kings were given all the power and the rich were given land. The common people would be faithful to one king, which was of their religious affiliation. No one was looked at by their ethnicity, rather by their religion. They didn’t have unity. We will write a custom essay on Southwestern Eurpean Nationalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People started realizing that God may not be the most important thing to represent their country. They realized that the solar system was held in place by gravity, not by God. They started to believe in other kings, who were like agents working for God.1 Some scientific studies made people started worrying more about themselves. Laws would then be enforced to meet people’s needs, rather than thinking God would protect them. The people could have rights. But with a Divine-Monarch they couldn’t have these rights because there were too many people to serve. The land was divided into territories, and the people were determined by â€Å"their ardent love of the fatherland†. They were to love their new country; they were getting into smaller territories with less people as they wished. People began to learn other languages and develop a sense of individualism. This was inspired by the Romantic Philosophy. But some people knew many languages, which led to the question, what nation were they for? Even the minorities had a â€Å"class† to be defined in and had had a sense of nationalism. Some of them were being discriminated against, which led to their stronger feelings of being defined by their nation. This was the first development of nationalism, which defined all of Southeast Europe.2 The essay, by Ernest Renan suggests that nationalism consists of two ideas. â€Å"One is the possession in common of a rich legacy of remembrances, and the other is the actual consent, the desire to live together, they will to continue to value the heritage which all hold common (Renan, 17). He thinks that the worship of ancestors is important because they have made the country what it is. He feels that the rules made for the country have been sacrifices made and should be honored. He also says that a country needs to look at their downfalls rather than their gains to strengthen the peoples â€Å"togetherness† and the will to succeed. The people have rights as individuals. He states that nations have a beginning and an end, and the people need to realize and not take it for granted. He feels that people should appreciate the guarantee for liberty and freedom. They should realize that this is a gift that could be lost, especially if a king or a dictator was in rule.3 His last thoughts of what makes a nation are that spirit, heart, and moral consciousness have a big part; more so than rules, so the people can exist in harmony. This differs from what happened in Southeast Europe because they didn’t appreciate the ancestors who dictated them. The people did gain nationalism, which gave them a reason to have individualism and a warm spirit for their community. They gained this when they got their way and broke up into communities, which gave them rights.4 In the United States, nationalism was formed in the same manner that Europe was. .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82 , .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82 .postImageUrl , .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82 , .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82:hover , .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82:visited , .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82:active { border:0!important; } .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82:active , .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82 .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uea2333568707eacf688cc98081235d82:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Some COMPUTSER history Essay When the puritans and the other immigrants came over, they didn’t care about forming one nation, or being involved in rights. They were still apart of England, and did things based on religion. Communities were even based on religion. The idea that Renan had was not supported then. People didn’t care about heart and how they formed a union. Not until England started taxing and taking powers away, did the Colonists want to make a union among the colonies. This is where they needed heart, and had a desire to form unity. They had to be in harmony to win the war to gain their independence. That would be when the colonies had the second kind of nationalism that Renan described. The United States is very big on nationalism to this day, and is based on rights and values made from the 17th century. The idea of nationalism has spread throughout the world because of the people’s strong views. In conclusion, one can see that the concept of nationalism is the same in every nation but that the way that they use it to bring them together as a whole can vary greatly. One can also conclude that without nationalism there would be no true nations. History

Forieng Author Project Essay

Forieng Author Project Essay Forieng Author Project Essay Ellen Wiah English 12 March 22, 2013 Period 4th Octavio Paz was a renowned poet, essayist who won the Nobel Prize for Literature. He was recognized for being the first Mexican to win a Nobel Prize in literature. Using poetry combine with prose, Paz explored multifaceted and paradoxical forces in contemporary life, while revealing his love for Mexican history and customs as well as his interest in surreal literature, and some other literary movement of the 19th century (Octavio, Paz-biography). Octavio Paz was a spokesperson for 20th-century Mexico, a poet whose work today exceeds his native land to connect with the world. Influenced by surrealism, Paz wrote of contradictions; but in his work opposites are blended and seen as part of the whole. Paz always used his art to establish relationships among cultures, people, and time (Hamm16).Octavio Paz was born in Mexico City in 1914, his father, a journalist and lawyer, was serving as assistant to Emiliano Zapata, a leader of the 1911 revolution. Paz's mother was from a prominent family of Spanish descent (Hamm16). During the revolutionary turmoil of the decade of Octavio's birth, the Paz family and many others were forced to flee the country. After living in Los Angeles for a few years, Paz's family returned to Mexico City. Although the family was now poor; Paz had access in the Macao house to an expansive library and was taught by Marist brothers. He reported that he first learned the craft of writing by immersing himself in the classics of Spanish literature and the great writers of Latin America. Paz attended the National University of Mexico but left without obtaining a degree to concentrate on writing (Hamm18). Paz was already published when he began his university studies. Several poems and stories had been printed in small regional publications. He also began publishing his own literary magazine, Barandal, at 17. Later he helped launch several other magazines, including Vuelta, one of Mexico's most influential publications. Luna Silvestre (Forest Moon), Paz's first book of poetry, was published when he was 19 (Diamond18). At the encouragement of Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, Paz travelled to Spain to attend a meeting in 1937 of leftist writers. While there Paz became so involved in the Spanish civil war (1936–39) that for a period he joined a unit fighting against Francisco Franco. In 1944 Paz received a Guggenheim Fellowship that allowed him to study in the United States. There he continued his education in poetry, reading the works of Walt Whitman, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and William Carlos Williams (Hamm17). In 1950 Paz published one of his most influential works: a philosophical essay about the nature of the Mexican character. El laberinto de la Soledad (The Labyrinth of Solitude) is part autobiography, part Mexican history, and part philosophy, all played out against the background of the dual cultural heritage of Mexico. Paz's style is often experimental at the same time that it draws on tradition. The 1953 volume Piedra de sol (Sun Stone) is a lyrical poem following the circular structure of the ancient Aztec calendar. Written in one sentence of 584 lines, the poem explores love, myth, the art of writing, and time (Diamond17). Among his diverse literary activities, Paz was an expert translator fluent in several languages, and he used this skill to help introduce upcoming writers from Latin America to the modern world by translating their work. Paz died of cancer of the spine in 1998. He had become so much of a national figure that the public announcement of his death was made by the president of Mexico, Ernesto Zedillo (Hamm19). Octavio Paz is a poet and an essayist. His style of writing is inspired by his belief that poetry establishes "the secret religion of the modern age." His work displays an ever-deepening intelligence and complexity as it explores the connection of philosophy, religion, art, politics, and the role of the individual within our

Historical development of nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Historical development of nursing - Essay Example Before the birth of Christ, nursing did not exist as a distinct profession. It started out as caring for sick members of one’s family. At this time, it was viewed as a way of expressing love and showing compassion one’s family member. It was mainly a woman’s work and no education or training was required. Between and 100 and 500 AD, nursing was mainly done by religious groups mainly churches. The establishment of the first general hospital by Fabiola in Rome was a landmark event in the history of nursing. In the 16th century, women were required to stay at home and look after their families (Nicola & Frances, 2012). This resulted in the deterioration of nursing care since at the time, it was still a profession for women only. Between 1654 and 1656 nursing was realized as sisters of charity took good care of soldiers who were wounded in the battlefields of Arras and Sedan in France. By 1960, the sister of charity was operating in 40 other countries besides France. However, according to Elizabeth and Jerome (2011), it was not until after Florence Nightingale that nursing started to become a reality in the world. After realizing that very few opportunities were given to women, Florence Nightingale started taking care of the ill while visiting the poor. This is where she developed an interest in a career in nursing. Her most notable contributions happened during the Crimean war. This is after she received reports wounded soldiers were in horrible conditions. In October 1854 together with 38 women that she had trained as nurses, she volunteered to take care of wounded soldiers in the battle field. After noting that there was limited supply for medicine, overworked medical staff and poor hygiene which resulted in fatalities among the soldiers, Nightingale appealed to the British government to find a solution to this problem. The British government commissioned the designing of a

Impact of Technology on Society Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Impact of Technology on Society - Research Paper Example In the process of the advancement of technology, the equipments and the methodology became simpler and more user friendly. For instance, the fixed landline equipments which were heavy were replaced with wireless and mobile phones which are light and portable. The environmental, social, economic and political implications of telephone as a technology on the society have been large. This essay aims to analyze the impact of telephone on the society with reference to the environment, economics, and politics of the society. 1.1. The Background After the invention of telephone in 1876, by early 1900, telephone signals were successfully sent between close by cities (NAE, 2013). The invention of vacuum diode by Sir John Ambrose Fleming was a turning point in the history of telephony. A major milestone in the technology was the first transcontinental call which was made in the year 1915 (NAE, 2013).Though there were portable versions of phones which were used in vehicles right from 1940s, it was in the year 1973 that the first fully portable version phone was made by Martin Cooper for the Motorola Company (NAE, 2013). Later in mid 1990s, following other innovations in the technology, Voice over Internet Protocol, which made voice call using internet was invented. This, along with other innovations changed the whole user perspective towards telephones. Today, mobile phones have become hubs for a wide range of activities and transactions. Through these innovations the technology of telephony has largely influenced the society. 2. Society before telephones Before the telephones were invented one of the first medium through which the society was connected across long distances was through letters. Letters of course took long days to reach the destination and also involved complex administrative procedures. There has to be regularly operating establishments at both the receiver and the sender ends to make sure that the letter reaches the right destination. As it took time th e major disadvantage was that the communication could not keep up with time. For instance, an elaborate communication which is urgent in nature could not be done through letters as there is the possibility that the relevance of the information contained in the letter could go outdated within the time that the letter takes to reach the destination. However, letters were known for its emotional value. Fictional literatures have elaborately dealt with the psychological content associated with letters. In fact letters were known for its expressive nature. There were other means of faster communication in the pre telephone era. Telegrams and technologies like Morse codes were utilized to facilitate faster communication. The whole concept of privacy and personal space was challenged after the penetration of mobile phones into the society. Before individuals had their own portable phones, they all enjoyed a personal space which they themselves could decide. With their mobile phones switche d on, the users share a public space more than their personal space. The mobile version of the telephone technology has changed the politics, economics and social structure of the society to a large extend. Before mobile telephony, there were no tall receiver towers radiating harmful radiations into the

From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing Essay Example for Free

From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing Essay This report discusses how the marketing mix management paradigm has dominated the marketing thought, research and practice since it was introduced almost 40 years ago, but today new marketing approaches are being introduced and used. The globalization of business and the evolving recognition of the importance of customer retention and market economies and of customer relationship economics, among other trends, reinforce the change in mainstream marketing. Marketing Mix The term marketing mix is probably one of the most famous marketing terms used by millions of people. Its elements are known as the Four Ps, which are price, place, product, and promotion. These four variables are the variables that marketing managers can control in order to best satisfy customers in the target market. Figure 1: Marketing Mix Model – 4Ps Marketing the way most textbooks treat it today was introduced around 1960. The concept of the marketing mix and the Four Ps of marketing – product, price, place and promotion – entered the marketing textbooks at that time. Quickly they also became treated as the unchallenged basic model of marketing, so totally overpowering previous models and approaches, such as, for example, the organic functionalist approach advocated by Wroe Alderson as well as other systems-oriented approaches and parameter theory developed by the Copenhagen School in Europe that these are hardly remembered, even with a footnote in most textbooks of today. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) The marketing mix refers to variables that a marketing manager can control to influence a brand’s sales or market share. Traditionally, these variables are summarized as the Four Ps of marketing: product, price, promotion, and place (i. e. , distribution). Product refers to aspects such as the firm’s portfolio of products, the newness of those products, their differentiation from competitors, or their superiority to rivals’ products in terms of quality. Promotion refers to advertising, detailing, or informative sales promotions such as features and displays. Price refers to the product’s list price or any incentive sales promotion such as quantity discounts, temporary price cuts, or deals. Place refers to delivery of the product measured by variables such as distribution, availability, and shelf space. The 4Ps model is just one of many marketing mix lists that have been developed over the years. And, whilst the questions we have listed above are keys, they are just a subset of the detailed probing that may be required to optimize your marketing mix. Amongst the other marketing mix models have been developed over the years is the 7Ps, sometimes called the extended marketing mix, which include the first 4 Ps, plus people, processes and physical layout decisions. Another marketing mix approach is Lauterborns 4Cs, which presents the elements of the marketing mix from the buyers, rather than the sellers, perspective. It is made up of Customer needs and wants (the equivalent of product), Cost (price), Convenience (place) and Communication (promotion). Cultural policies to promote diversity of cultural expressions today must deal with numerous factors and needs, some of which concern the right of all groups to their forms of expression, and others strictly with business feasibility and the possibility of marketing on a global scale. These different factors may be difficult to reconcile but they are complementary as none can survive and be managed without referring to or involving the other. From the perspective of production development, it is frequently stated that cultural expressions need to find their market in order to survive, but it is also the case that the sacrificing of cultural content with little market value lowers the value of cultural production overall. From the perspective of rights to and processes of identity construction, culture generates services that cannot be governed exclusively by the market, especially in view of the marginality of subaltern groups. Nevertheless, it is almost impossible to think of cultural practices and consumption today without involving the market in some way. For marketers in the cultural industry it is important to identify the factors influencing consumers’ purchasing. Cultural factors are essentially important in selection of the two elements of place and product. For example, someone brought p in an environment that values art would be more likely to buy artistic products. Even it may be important considering customers in terms of their sub-culture. One may be surrounded by people who not only value art but place a higher priority on paintings as opposed to the music. As a result, they will be more likely to buy paintings rather than musical instrument. Pricing the artistic products and act ivities should also follow a logic trend. This practice may be done through some standards set among artists of the same class or by the very artist creator of his work. In general, as it can be seen, due to the difference. (Shahhosseini Ardahaey, 2011) The Four Ps of the marketing mix became an indisputable paradigm in academic research, the validity of which was taken for granted. For most marketing researchers in large parts of the academic world it seems to remain the marketing truth even today. The Four Ps of the marketing mix had been even referred to as â€Å"the holy quadruple†¦of the marketing faith written in tablets of stone. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) The marketer plans various means of competition and blends them into a â€Å"marketing mix† so that a profit function is optimized, or rather satisfied. The â€Å"marketing mix†, concept was introduced by Neil Borden in the 1950s, and the mix of different means of competitions was soon labeled the Four Ps. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) Any marketing paradigm should be well set to fulfill the marketing concept, i. e. the notion that the firm is best off by designing and directing its activities according to the needs and desires of customers in chosen target markets. Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) American Marketing Association, in its most recent definition states that marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchange and satisfy individual and organizational objectives (emphasis added) (Gronroos, From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing, 1994) The problem with the Marketing Mix One can easily argue that the four Ps of the marketing mix are not well able to fulfill the requirements of the marketing concept. As Dixon and Blois put it, â€Å"†¦indeed it would not be unfair to suggest that far from being concerned with a customer’s interests (i. e. somebody for whom something is done) the views implicit in the Four P approach is that the customer is somebody to whom something is done! † (emphasis added) . To use a marketing metaphor, the marketing mix and its four Ps constitute a production-oriented definition of marketing, and not a market-oriented or customer oriented one. Moreover, although the interactive nature of the Ps is recognized, the model itself does not explicitly include any interactive elements. Furthermore, it does not indicate the nature and scope of such interactions. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) Van Waterschoot and Van den Bulte recognize three flaws in the Four P model: * â€Å"The properties or characteristics that are the basis for classification have not been identified. * The categories are not mutually exclusive. * There is a catch-all subcategory that is continually growing† . Many marketing-related phenomena are not included. Moreover, as Johan Arndt has concluded, marketing research remains narrow in scope and even myopic, and methodological issues become more important than substance matters. Gronroos, From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing, 1994) The Nature of the Marketing Mix The usefulness of the Four Ps as a general marketing theory for practical purposes is, to say the least, highly questionable. Originally, although they were largely based on empirical induction and earlier lists of marketing functions of the functional school of marketing, they were probably developed under the influence of microeconomic theory and specially the theory of monopolistic competition of the 1930s, in order to add more realism to that theory. However, very soon the connection to microeconomic theory was cut off and subsequently totally forgotten. Theoretically, the marketing mix became just a list of Ps without roots. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) Managing the marketing mix makes marketing seem too easy to handle and organize. Marketing is separated from other activities of the firm and delegated to specialists who take care of the analysis, planning and implementation of various marketing tasks, such as market analysis, marketing planning, advertising, sales promotion, sales, pricing, distribution and product packaging. Marketing departments are created to take responsibility for the marketing function of the firm, The marketing department approach to organizing the marketing function has isolated marketing from design, production, deliveries, technical service, complaints handling, invoicing and other activities of the firm. As a consequence, the rest of the organization has been alienated from marketing. Therefore, it has made it difficult, often even impossible, to turn marketing into the â€Å"integrative function† that would provide other departments with the market-related input needed in order to make the organization truly market oriented and reach a stage of â€Å"co-ordinated marketing† the marketing specialists organized in a marketing department may get alienated from the customers. Managing the marketing mix means relying on mass marketing. Customers become numbers for the marketing specialists, whose actions, therefore, typically are based on surface information obtained from market research reports and market share statistics. Frequently such marketers act without ever having encountered a real customer. The marketing department concept is obsolete and has to be replaced by some other way of organizing the marketing function, so that the organization will have a chance to become market-oriented. A traditional marketing department will always, in the final analysis, stand in the way of spreading market orientation. The use of the marketing mix management paradigm and the Four Ps has made it very difficult for the marketing function to earn credibility. Some firms have solved this problem not only by downscaling or altogether terminating their marketing departments but also by banning the use of the term marketing for the marketing function. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) What is the History of the Marketing Mix? A paradigm like this has to be well founded by theoretical deduction and empirical research; otherwise much of marketing research is based on a loose foundation and the results of it questionable. Let us look at the history of the marketing mix paradigm and the four Ps. The marketing mix developed from a notion of the marketer as a mixer of ingredients, which was an expression originally used by James Culliton (1948) in a study of marketing costs in 1947 and 1948. The marketer plans various means of competitions and blends them into a marketing mix, so that a profit function is optimized, or rather satisfied. The marketing mix is actually a list of categories of marketing variables, and to begin with, this way of defining or describing a phenomenon can never be considered a very valid one. A list never includes all relevant elements, it does not fit every situation, and it becomes obsolete. And indeed, marketing academics every now and then offer additional Ps to the list, once they have found the standard tablet of faith too limited. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) Kotler has, in the context of megamarketing, added public relations and politics, thus expanding the list to six Ps. In service marketing. Booms and Bitner (1982) have suggested three additional Ps, people, physical evidence and process. Judd (1987) among others, has argued for just one new P, people. Advocators of the marketing mix paradigm sometimes have suggested that service should be added to the list of Ps (e. g. Lambert and Harrington 1989 and Collier 1991). J It is, by the way, interesting to notice that after the four Ps were definitely canonized sometime in the early 1970s new items to the list are almost exclusively put in the form of Ps It is also noteworthy that Bordens original marketing mix included 12 elements, and that this list was not intended to be a definition at all. Borden considered it guidelines only, which the marketer probably would have to reconsider in any given situation. In line with the mixer of ingredients metaphor he also implied that the marketer would blend the various ingredients or variables of the mix into an integrated marketing program. This is a fact that advocators of the four Ps (or five, six, seven or more Ps) and of todays marketing mix approach seem to have totally forgotten. In fact, the four Ps represent a significant oversimplification of Bordens original concept. McCarthy either misunderstood the meaning of Bordens marketing mix when he reformulated the original list in the shape of the rigid mnemonic of the four Ps where no blending of the Ps is explicitly included; or his followers misinterpreted McCarthys intentions. In many marketing textbooks organized around the marketing mix, such as Philip Kotlers well-known Marketing Management (e. g. 991), the blending aspect and the need for integration of the four Ps are discussed, even in depth, but such discussions are always limited due to the fact that the model does not explicitly include an integrative dimension. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) Contemporary Theories of Marketing In most marketing textbooks the marketing mix management paradigm and its Four Ps are still considered the theory of marketing. Indeed, this is the case in much of the academic research into marketi ng; however, since the 1960s alternative theories of marketing have been developed. As Moller observes in a recent overview of research traditions in marketing, â€Å"from the functional view of marketing ‘mix’ management our focus has extended to the strategic role of marketing, aspects of service marketing, political dimensions of channel management, interactions in industrial networks; to mention just a few evolving trends. The interaction/network approach to industrial marketing was originated in Sweden at Uppsala University during the 1960s and has since spread to a large number of countries. Between the parties in a network various interactions take place, where exchanges and adaptations to each other occur. A flow of goods and information as well as financial and social exchanges takes place in the network. In such a network the role and forms of marketing are not very clear. All exchanges, all sorts of interactions have an impact on the position of the parties in the network. The interactions are not necessarily initiated by the seller – the marketer according to the marketing mix management paradigm – and they may continue over a long period of time, for example, for several years. The seller, who at the same time may be the buyer in a reciprocal setting, may of course employ marketing specialists, such as sales representatives, market communication people and market analysts but in addition to them a large number of persons in functions which according to the marketing mix management paradigm are non-marketing, such as research and development, design, deliveries, customer training, invoicing and credit management, has a decisive impact on the marketing success of the â€Å"seller† in the network. In the early 1970s the marketing of services started to emerge as a separate area of marketing with concepts and models of its own geared to typical characteristics of services. In Scandinavia and Finland the Nordic School of Services more than research into this field elsewhere looked at the marketing of services as something that cannot be separated from overall management. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) The New Approaches and the Marketing Mix The interaction and network approach of industrial marketing and modern service marketing approaches, especially the one by the Nordic School, clearly views marketing as an interactive process in a social context where relationship building and management is a vital cornerstone. They are in some respects clearly related to the systems-based approaches to marketing of the 1950s (compare, for example, Alderson 1957). The marketing mix paradigm and its four Ps, on the other hand, is a much more clinical approach, which makes the seller the active part and the buyer and consumer passive. No personalized relationship with the producer and marketer of a product is supposed to exist, other than with professional sales representatives in some case. The development of innovative theories, models and concepts of industrial marketing (interaction/network approach) and service marketing has clearly demonstrated that the marketing mix paradigm and its four Ps finally have reached the end of the road as the universal marketing theory. From a management point of view the four Ps, undoubtedly, may have been helpful. The use of various means of competition became more organized. However, the four Ps were never applicable to all markets and to all types of marketing situations. The development of alternative marketing theories discussed above demonstrate that even from a management perspective, the marketing mix and its four Ps became a problem. Their pedagogic elegance and deceiving sense of simplicity made practical marketing management look all too clinical and straightforward even for actors in the consumer packaged goods field where they were originally intended to be used. Consumer goods amounts to a considerable business, and there the four Ps could still fulfill a function. However, many of the customer relationships of manufacturers of consumer goods are industrial-type relationships with wholesalers and retailers, and the retailers of consumer goods more and more consider themselves service providers. In such situations the four Ps have less to offer even in the consumer goods field. Moreover, as far as the marketing of consumer goods from the manufacturer to the ultimate consumers is concerned, there is a growing debate whether one can continue to apply marketing in the traditional mass marketing way. Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) The Future: The Relationship Marketing Concept In the relationship marketing concept to be presented here the core variables are relationships, networks and interaction. The choice is not arbitrary; these variables recurrently emerge in the new marketing theories that have challenged the reigning marketing management paradigm during the past twenty-five years. These variables are not new; they we re there thousands of years ago and they present themselves ‘‘here and now. ’ They will be here in the future, no matter if they are represented by relationship marketing or something else. They are part of society. In fact, society is nothing less than a network of relationships within which we interact, and marketing is a dimension of society. Research and education in business have only recently begun to acknowledge the existence of relationships, but have not as yet understood their omnipresence and deep impact on marketing. Although it is encouraging that relationships have been made visible and that the interest in them is soaring, major problems follow. One is that those who start to explore and implement relationship marketing techniques are often not sufficiently familiar with the foundations of relationship marketing, its paradigm. Furthermore, relationship marketing is put under siege by the traditional marketing management paradigm, and the techniques used in relationship marketing implementation are often more grounded in marketing management values than in relationship marketing values. (Gummesson, 2002) An integral element of the relationship marketing approach is the promise concept, which has been strongly emphasized by Henrik Calonius According to him the responsibilities of marketing do not only, or predominantly, including giving promises and thus persuading customers as passive counterparts on the marketplace to act in a given way. Fulfilling promises that have been given is equally important as means of achieving customer satisfaction, retention of the customer base and long-term profitability (compare also Reichheld and Sasser). He also stresses the fact that promises are mutually given and fulfilled. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) Relationship Marketing There are many definitions of relationship marketing, most of them stressing the development and maintenance of long term relationships with customers and sometimes with other stakeholders. Total relationship marketing is marketing based on relationships, networks and interaction, recognizing that marketing is embedded in the total management of the networks of the selling organization, the market and society. It is directed to long term win-win relationships with individual customers, and value is jointly created between the parties involved. It transcends the boundaries between specialist functions and disciplines. Total relationship marketing embraces not just the supplier-customer dyad as does one-to-one marketing and CRM (customer relationship management) but also relationships to a supplier’s own suppliers, to competitors and to middlemen; these are all market relationships. (Gummesson, 2002) Is There a Paradigm Shift in Marketing? Relationships do not function by themselves. As McInnes said already three decades ago, â€Å"the existence of a market relation is the foundation of exchange not a substitute for it†. Only in extreme situations, for example when the computer systems of a buyer and a materials provider are connected to each other in order to initiate and execute purchase decisions automatically, the relationship, at least for some time, may function by itself. In such situations one comes close to what Johan rndt called â€Å"domesticated markets†, where â€Å"transactions†¦are usually handled by administrative processes on the basis of negotiated rules of exchange†. Normally, advertising, distribution and product branding, for example, will still be needed, but along with a host of other activities and resources. (Gummesson, 2002) However, what marketing deserves is new perspectives, which are more market-oriented and less manipulative, and where the customer indeed is the focal point as suggested by the marketing concept. Conclusion Marketing mix as a general perspective evolved because at one time it was an effective way of describing and managing many marketing situations. Before the marketing mix there were other approaches. Now time has made this approach less helpful other than in specific situations. New paradigms have to come. After all, we live in the 1990s, and we cannot for ever continue to live with a paradigm from the 1950s and 1960s. However, bearing in mind the long-term damages of the marketing mix as the universal truth, we are going to need several approaches or paradigms Relationship marketing will be one of them.

Emily Dickinsons Use of Humor and Irony Essay -- Emily Dickinson Poem

Emily Dickinson's Use of Humor and Irony While much of Emily Dickinson's poetry has been described as sad or morose, the poetess did use humor and irony in many of her poems. This essay will address the humor and/ or irony found in five of Dickinson's poems: "Faith" is a Fine Invention, I'm Nobody! Who are you?, Some keep the Sabbath Going to Church and Success Is Counted Sweetest. The attempt will be made to show how Dickinson used humor and / or irony for the dual purposes of comic relief and to stress an idea or conclusion about her life and environment expressed by the poetess in the respective poem. The most humorous or ironic are some of the shorter poems, such as the four lined stanzas of "Faith" is a Fine Invention and Success Is Counted Sweetest. In "Faith"..., Dickinson presents a witty and biting satirical look at Faith and its limitations. While it still amuses readers today, it must be mentioned that this short poem would have had a greater impact and seriousness to an audience from the period Dickinson lived in. Dickinson was raised in a strict Calvinist household and received most of her education in her youth at a boarding school that also followed the American Puritanical tradition she was raised in. In this short, witty piece Dickinson addresses two of the main obsessions of her generation: The pursuit of empirical knowledge through science, faith in an all-knowing, all-powerful Christian god and the debate on which was the more powerful belief. In this poem Dickinson uses humor to ease her position in the debate on to the reader. Dickinson uses her ability to write humourously and ironically (as seen in her suggestion of the use of microscopes) to present a firm, controversial opinion into w... ...ntuate the humor in the juxtaposition of the objects in order not to trivialize her own beliefs, but allows enough humor to enter the description to stamp the poem with the child-like free spiritedness found in ...Nobody.... Again in this poem, the poetess' desire for seclusion and unconventionality is expressed eloquently through a light-handed treatment of the subject matter. In conclusion, it can be stated the examples of Emily Dickinson's work discussed in this essay show the poetess to be highly skilled in the use of humor and irony. The use of these two tools in her poems is to stress a point or idea the poetess is trying to express, rather than being an end in themselves. These two tools allow her to present serious critiques of her society and the place she feels she has been allocated into by masking her concerns in a light-hearted, irreverent tone.

Colgate Segmentation Essay

Concept of Working Capital Working capital refers to short-term funds, need to meet operating expenses. It refers to the funds; to finance its day-to-day operations. It is concerned with current assets and current liabilities. If a firm can’t maintain a satisfactory level of working capital, it may become insolvent or bankrupt. Broadly there are 2 concepts of working capital, such as: 1. Gross Working Capital (Quantitative Concept) 2. Net working Capital (Qualitative Concept) Both these concepts of working capital have operational significance. The two concepts are not mutually exclusive. The ‘gross concept’ emphasizing the ‘use’ and the ‘net concept’ emphasizes the ‘source’. 1. Gross Working Capital The total current assets are termed as the gross working capital. It is also known as quantitative or circulating capital. It refers to firm’s investment in short term assets such as cash, marketable securities, accounts receivables, prepaid expenses, inventories etc. Significance a. Optimum investment in current assets. -: Inadequate working capital leads to insolvency and excessive will lead to less profitability. Financing of current assets. -: If funds arise it should be invested in short term securities, don’t keep it idle. 2. Net Working Capital The excess of current assets over current liabilities represents net working capital. It may be positive or negative. Net working capital indicates the liquidity of the business. Significance a. Maintaining Liquidity Position-: Current assets help in meeting financial obligations. Generally for every one rupee of current asset there should be one rupee of current liability. b. Extent of long term capital n financing current assets-: If there are Rs 100000 current assets and Rs 75000 current liabilities then NWC is Rs 25000, and it supposed to be financed from long term funds. Efficient management of working capital involves control over the current assets and current liabilities, which are the main components of working capital. 1. Components of current assets: Currents assets are those, can be converted into cash within a year. It consists of cash, marketable securities, inventories, debtors, prepaid expenses. 2. Components of current Liabilities: Current liabilities are those to be paid in a year. It consists of creditors, short-term borrowings, taxes and proposed dividends.   To ensure optimum investment in current assets. †¢ To ensure adequate flow of funds for current operations. †¢ To speed up the flow of funds. †¢ Maintain liquidity and profitability. Maximize shareholders’ wealth possible only when there is sufficient return. †¢ Discharge day-to-day liabilities. †¢ Protect the business from adverse effects in emergencies. †¢ Determines the relevant levels of current assets and their efficient use. To sustain sales activity. Sales don’t convert into cash immediately. It needs time to collection of cash. For maximization profits or minimize working capital cost and maintain balance between liquidity and profitability, we need to maintain a balance in working capital. It should not be excessive or inadequate. Firm should manage adequate working capital to run its business †¢ Excessive working capital means idle funds which earns no profit. †¢ Inadequate working capital disturbs production and weakens the firm’s profitability. Danger of Excessive Working Capital †¢ It results in unnecessary accumulation of inventories, which lead to mishandling like waste, theft and losses. †¢ It is indication of defective credit policy and slack collection period. This leads to higher bad debts that reduce profits. †¢ It makes managerial inefficiency. †¢ Accumulation inventories tend to make speculative profits grow. This type of speculation makes the firm to follow liberal dividend policy and difficult to cope up with in future when the firm is unable to make speculative profits. Danger of Inadequate Working Capital: It declines growth because it’s difficult to undertake profitable projects for non-availability of working capital. †¢ Difficult to implement operating plans and achieve firm’s target. †¢ Difficult to meet day-to-day commitments. †¢ Inefficient utilization of fixed assets. †¢ The firm unable to avail attractive credit opportunities. †¢ Firm loses its reputation. The continuing flow from cash: to suppliers: to inventory: to accounts receivables and back into cash is operating cycle. 1. Operating cycle for manufacturing firm: ` Stock of raw material is held in order to ensure smooth production. Similarly stock of finished goods has to be carried out to meet the demand. 2. Operating Cycle of a Non-manufacturing Firm Non-manufacturing firms are wholesalers, retailers, service firms. They will have the direct conversion of cash into finished goods and into cash.